/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
    * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
    * distributed with this work for additional information
    * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
    * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
    * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
   *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package net.jini.lookup;
  
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.rmi.RemoteException;
  import java.security.AccessController;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.HashSet;
  import java.util.Iterator;
  import java.util.LinkedList;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Random;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
  import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
  import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
  import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
  import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
  import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock;
  import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock;
  import java.util.logging.Level;
  import java.util.logging.LogRecord;
  import java.util.logging.Logger;
  import net.jini.config.Configuration;
  import net.jini.config.ConfigurationException;
  import net.jini.config.EmptyConfiguration;
  import net.jini.config.NoSuchEntryException;
  import net.jini.core.entry.Entry;
  import net.jini.core.event.EventRegistration;
  import net.jini.core.event.RemoteEventListener;
  import net.jini.core.lease.Lease;
  import net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceID;
  import net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceItem;
  import net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceMatches;
  import net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar;
  import net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate;
  import net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryEvent;
  import net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryListener;
  import net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryManagement;
  import net.jini.discovery.LookupDiscoveryManager;
  import net.jini.lookup.ServiceAttributesAccessor;
  import net.jini.lookup.ServiceIDAccessor;
  import net.jini.lookup.ServiceProxyAccessor;
  import net.jini.lease.LeaseListener;
  import net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalEvent;
  import net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalManager;
  import net.jini.security.BasicProxyPreparer;
  import net.jini.security.ProxyPreparer;
  import org.apache.river.action.GetBooleanAction;
  import org.apache.river.action.GetLongAction;
  import org.apache.river.logging.Levels;
  import org.apache.river.lookup.entry.LookupAttributes;
  import org.apache.river.thread.NamedThreadFactory;
  
  /**
   * The <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> class is a helper utility class that
   * any client-like entity can use to "discover" services registered with any
   * number of lookup services of interest. On behalf of such entities, this class
   * maintains - as much as possible - up-to-date state information about both the
   * lookup services the entity wishes to query, and the services the entity
   * wishes to acquire and use. By maintaining current service state information,
   * the entity can implement efficient mechanisms for service access and usage.
   * <p>
   * There are three basic usage patterns for this class. In order of importance
   * and typical usage, those patterns are:
   * <p>
   * <ul>
   * <li> The entity requests that the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> create
   * a cache (an instance of {@link net.jini.lookup.LookupCache LookupCache})
   * which will asynchronously "discover", and locally store, references to
   * services that match criteria defined by the entity; services which are
   * registered with one or more lookup services managed by the
   * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> on behalf of the entity. The cache can
   * be viewed as a set of service references that the entity can access locally
   * as needed through one of the public, non-remote methods provided in the
   * cache's interface. Thus, rather than making costly remote queries of multiple
   * lookup services at the point in time when the entity needs the service, the
   * entity can simply make local queries on the cache for the services that the
   * cache acquired and stored at a prior time. An entity should employ this
   * pattern when the entity must make <i>frequent</i>
   * queries for multiple services. By populating the cache with multiple
   * instances of the desired services, redundancy in the availability of those
   * services can be provided. Thus, if an instance of a service is found to be
  * unavailable when needed, the entity can execute a local query on the cache
  * rather than one or more remote queries on the lookup services to acquire an
  * instance that is available. To employ this pattern, the entity invokes the
  * method  {@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager#createLookupCache
  *        createLookupCache}.
  * <li> The entity can register with the event mechanism provided by the
  * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>. This event mechanism allows the entity
  * to request that it be notified when a service of interest is discovered for
  * the first time, or has encountered a state change such as removal from all
  * lookup services, or attribute set changes. Although interacting with a local
  * cache of services in the way described in the first pattern can be very
  * useful to entities that need frequent access to multiple services, some
  * client-like entities may wish to interact with the cache in a reactive
  * manner. For example, an entity such as a service browser typically wishes to
  * be notified of the arrival of new services of interest as well as any changes
  * in the state of the current services in the cache. In these situations,
  * polling for such changes is usually viewed as undesirable. If the cache were
  * to also provide an event mechanism with notification semantics, the needs of
  * entities that employ either pattern can be satisfied. To employ this pattern,
  * the entity must create a cache and supply it with an instance of the  {@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryListener
  *        ServiceDiscoveryListener} interface that will receive instances of
  * {@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryEvent ServiceDiscoveryEvent} when
  * events of interest, related to the services in the cache, occur.
  * <li> The entity, through the public API of the
  * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>, can directly query the lookup services
  * managed by the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> for services of interest;
  * employing semantics similar to the semantics employed in a typical lookup
  * service query made through the
  * {@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar ServiceRegistrar} interface.
  * Such queries will result in a remote call being made at the same time the
  * service is needed (unlike the first pattern, in which remote calls typically
  * occur prior to the time the service is needed). This pattern may be useful to
  * entities needing to find services on an infrequent basis, or when the cost of
  * making a remote call is outweighed by the overhead of maintaining a local
  * cache (for example, due to limited resources). Although an entity that needs
  * to query lookup service(s) can certainly make such queries through the
  * {@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar ServiceRegistrar} interface, the
  * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> provides a broad API with semantics that
  * are richer than the semantics of the
  * {@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#lookup lookup} methods provided
  * by the {@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar
  *        ServiceRegistrar}. This API encapsulates functionality that many client-like
  * entities may find more useful when managing both the set of desired lookup
  * services, and the service queries made on those lookup services. To employ
  * this pattern, the entity simply instantiates this class with the desired
  * parameters, and then invokes the appropriate version of the
  * {@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager#lookup lookup} method when the
  * entity wishes to acquire a service that matches desired criteria.
  * </ul>
  * <p>
  * All three mechanisms just described - local queries on the cache, service
  * discovery notification, and remote lookups - employ the same
  * template-matching scheme as that employed in the
  * {@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar ServiceRegistrar} interface.
  * Additionally, each mechanism allows the entity to supply an object referred
  * to as a <i>filter</i>; an instance of
  * {@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceItemFilter ServiceItemFilter}. A filter is a
  * non-remote object that defines additional matching criteria that the
  * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> applies when searching for the entity's
  * services of interest. Employing a filter is particularly useful to entities
  * that wish to extend the capabilities of the standard template-matching
  * scheme.
  * <p>
  * In addition to (or instead of) employing a filter to apply additional
  * matching criteria to candidate service proxies initially found through
  * template matching, filters can also be used to extend the selection process
  * so that only proxies that are <i>safe</i> to use are returned to the entity.
  * To do this, the entity would use the
  * {@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceItemFilter ServiceItemFilter} interface to
  * supply the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> or
  * {@link net.jini.lookup.LookupCache LookupCache} with a filter that, when
  * applied to a candidate proxy, performs a set of operations that is referred
  * to as <i>proxy preparation</i>. As described in the documentation for
  * {@link net.jini.security.ProxyPreparer}, proxy preparation typically includes
  * operations such as, verifying trust in the proxy, specifying client
  * constraints, and dynamically granting necessary permissions to the proxy.
  * <p>
  * Note that this utility class is not remote. Clients and services that wish to
  * use this class will create an instance of this class in their own address
  * space to manage the state of discovered services and their associated lookup
  * services locally.
  *
  *  <!-- Implementation Specifics -->
  *
  * The following implementation-specific items are discussed below:
  * <ul><li> <a href="#sdmConfigEntries">Configuring ServiceDiscoveryManager</a>
  * <li> <a href="#sdmLogging">Logging</a>
  * </ul>
  *
  * <a name="sdmConfigEntries">
  * 
  * <b><font size="+1">Configuring ServiceDiscoveryManager</font></b>
  * 
  * </a>
  *
  * This implementation of <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> supports the
  * following configuration entries; where each configuration entry name is
  * associated with the component name
  * <code>net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>. Note that the
  * configuration entries specified here are specific to this implementation of
  * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>. Unless otherwise stated, each entry is
  * retrieved from the configuration only once per instance of this utility,
  * where each such retrieval is performed in the constructor.
  * <p>
  * It is important to note that in addition to allowing a client of this utility
  * to request - through the public API - the creation of a cache that is used
  * externally by the client, this utility also creates instances of the cache
  * that are used internally by the utility itself. As such, in addition to the
  * configuration entries that are used only in this utility (and not in any
  * cache), and the configuration entries that are retrieved during the
  * construction of each new cache (and used by only that cache), there are
  * configuration entries specified below that are retrieved once during the
  * construction of this utility, but which are shared with, and used by, the
  * caches that are created.
  *
  *
  * <a name="cacheExecutorService"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the cacheExecutorService configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>cacheExecutorService</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService ExecutorService}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>new
  *             {@link java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor
  *                     ThreadPoolExecutor}( 6, 6, 15, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue(),
  * new NamedThreadFactory( "SDM lookup cache", false ))</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> The object that pools and manages the various threads executed by each
  * of the lookup caches created by this utility. There is one such
  * ExecutorService created for each cache. For each cache that is created in
  * this utility, a single, separate instance of this ExecutorService will be
  * retrieved and employed by that cache. This object should not be shared with
  * other components in the application that employs this utility.
  * </table>
  * 
  * <a name="discardExecutorService"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the discardExecutorService configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>discardExecutorService</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService ScheduledExecutorService}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>new
  *             {@link java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor
  *                     ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor}( 4,
  * new NamedThreadFactory( "SDM discard timer", false ))</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> The object that pools and manages the threads, executed by a cache, that
  * wait on verification events after a previousy discovered service has been
  * discarded. For each cache that is created in this utility, a single, separate
  * instance of this ExecutorService will be retrieved and employed by that
  * cache. This object should not be shared with other components in the
  * application that employs this utility.
  * </table>
  * 
  *  *
  * <a name="ServiceEventExecutorService"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the ServiceEventExecutorService configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>ServiceEventExecutorService</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService ExecutorService}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>new
  *             {@link java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor
  *                     ThreadPoolExecutor}( 2, 2, 15, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new PriorityBlockingQueue(256),
  * new NamedThreadFactory( "SDM ServiceEvent: " +toString(), false ))</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> The ExecutorService object that processes incoming ServiceEvent's.  This
  * executor is wrapped by an {@link org.apache.river.thread.ExtensibleExecutorService}
  * that implements a {@link java.lang.Comparable} {@link java.util.concurrent.FutureTask},
  * which orders the ServiceEvent's in the {@link java.util.concurrent.PriorityBlockingQueue}.
  * <p>
  * A single threaded executor is usually sufficient for most purposes, and is 
  * usually seldom found in a running state, testing has shown a single threaded
  * executor is very unlikely to perform unnecessary lookup's, while a
  * ThreadPoolExecutor with 4 threads will perform lookup for about 1% of cases.  
  * This can be measured by setting the SDM logger to fine.
  * <p>
  * There is however an issue that does occur when running a single threaded
  * executor, the lookup events that occur, seem to occur because of a problem
  * when registering 
  * <p>
  * For the purpose of testing, it is beneficial to use a ThreadPoolExecutor with
  * numerous threads, as this will test the alternate execution paths that 
  * include lookup.
  * </table>
  * 
  * 
  * <a name="discardWait"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the discardWait configuration entry" border="0"
  * cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>discardWait</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> <code>long</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>2*(5*60*1000)</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> The value used to affect the behavior of the mechanism that handles the
  * <i>service discard problem</i> described in this utility's specification.
  * This item allows each entity that uses this utility to define how long (in
  * milliseconds) to wait for verification from the lookup service(s) that a
  * discarded service is actually down before committing or un-committing a
  * requested service discard. The current implementation of this utility
  * defaults to waiting 10 minutes (twice the maximum lease duration granted by
  * the Reggie implementation of the lookup service). Note that this item is used
  * only by the caches (both internal and external) that are created by this
  * utility, and not by the utility itself.
  * </table>
  * 
  * <a name="discoveryManager"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the discoveryManager configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>discoveryManager</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryManagement}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code> new
  *    {@link net.jini.discovery.LookupDiscoveryManager#LookupDiscoveryManager(
  *      java.lang.String[],
  *      net.jini.core.discovery.LookupLocator[],
  *      net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryListener,
  *      net.jini.config.Configuration) LookupDiscoveryManager}( new
  * java.lang.String[] {""}, new
  * {@link net.jini.core.discovery.LookupLocator}[0], null, config)</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> The object used to manage the discovery processing performed by this
  * utility. This entry will be retrieved from the configuration only if no
  * discovery manager is specified in the constructor. Note that this object
  * should not be shared with other components in the application that employs
  * this utility. This item is used only by the service discovery manager, and
  * not by any cache that is created.
  * </table>
  * 
  * <a name="eventLeasePreparer"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the eventLeasePreparer configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>eventLeasePreparer</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link net.jini.security.ProxyPreparer}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>new {@link net.jini.security.BasicProxyPreparer}()
  * </code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> Preparer for the leases returned when a cache registers with the event
  * mechanism of any of the discovered lookup services. This item is used only by
  * the caches (both internal and external) that are created by this utility, and
  * not by the utility itself.
  * <p>
  * Currently, no methods of the returned proxy are invoked by this utility.
  * </table>
  * 
  * <a name="eventListenerExporter"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the eventListenerExporter configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>eventListenerExporter</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link net.jini.export.Exporter}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code> new
  *                {@link net.jini.jeri.BasicJeriExporter#BasicJeriExporter(
  *                                        net.jini.jeri.ServerEndpoint,
  *                                        net.jini.jeri.InvocationLayerFactory,
  *                                        boolean,
  *                                        boolean) BasicJeriExporter}(
  *              {@link net.jini.jeri.tcp.TcpServerEndpoint#getInstance
  *                                      TcpServerEndpoint.getInstance}(0),<br>
  * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; new
  * {@link net.jini.jeri.BasicILFactory}(),<br>
  * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
  * false, false)</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> Exporter for the remote event listener that each cache supplies to the
  * lookup services whose event mechanisms those caches register with. Note that
  * for each cache that is created in this utility, a single, separate instance
  * of this exporter will be retrieved and employed by that cache. Note also that
  * the default exporter defined here will disable distributed garbage collection
  * (DGC) for the server endpoint associated with the exported listener, and the
  * listener backend (the "impl") will be strongly referenced. This means that
  * the listener will not "go away" unintentionally. Additionally, that exporter
  * also sets the <code>keepAlive</code> flag to <code>false</code> to allow the
  * VM in which this utility runs to "go away" when desired; and not be kept
  * alive simply because the listener is still exported.
  * </table>
  *
  * <a name="leaseManager"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the leaseManager configuration entry" border="0"
  * cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>leaseManager</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalManager}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code> new
  *       {@link net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalManager#LeaseRenewalManager(
  *        net.jini.config.Configuration) LeaseRenewalManager}(config)</code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> The object used to manage any event leases returned to a cache that has
  * registered with the event mechanism of the various discovered lookup
  * services. This entry will be retrieved from the configuration only if no
  * lease renewal manager is specified in the constructor. This item is used only
  * by the caches (both internal and external) that are created by this utility,
  * and not by the utility itself.
  * </table>
  *
  * <a name="registrarPreparer"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the registrarPreparer configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>registrarPreparer</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link net.jini.security.ProxyPreparer}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>new {@link net.jini.security.BasicProxyPreparer}()
  * </code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> Preparer for the proxies to the lookup services that are discovered and
  * used by this utility. This item is used only by the service discovery
  * manager, and not by any cache that is created.
  * <p>
  * The following methods of the proxy returned by this preparer are invoked by
  * this utility:
  * <ul>
  * <li>{@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#lookup lookup}
  * <li>{@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#notify notify}
  * </ul>
  *
  * </table>
  * 
  * 
  * <a name="bootstrapPreparer"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the bootstrapPreparer configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>bootstrapPreparer</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link net.jini.security.ProxyPreparer}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>new {@link net.jini.security.BasicProxyPreparer}()
  * </code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> Preparer for bootstrap proxy results returned by lookup services 
  * that are discovered and used by this utility.
  * <p>
  * The following methods of the proxy returned by this preparer are invoked by
  * this utility:
  * <ul>
  * <li>{@link SafeServiceRegistrar#lookUp(net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate, int)  lookup}
  * <li>{@link SafeServiceRegistrar#notiFy notiFy}
  * </ul>
  *
  * </table>
  * 
  * 
  *
  * <a name="useInsecureLookup"></a>
  * <table summary="Describes the useInsecureLookup configuration entry"
  * border="0" cellpadding="2">
  * <tr valign="top">
  * <th scope="col" > <font size="+1">&#X2022;</font>
  * <th scope="col" align="left" colspan="2"> <font size="+1">
  * <code>useInsecureLookup</code></font>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Type: <td> {@link java.lang.Boolean}
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Default: <td> <code>new {@link java.lang.Boolean}("FALSE")
  * </code>
  *
  * <tr valign="top"> <td> &nbsp; <th scope="row" align="right">
  * Description:
  * <td> When true, ServiceDiscoveryManager and LookupCache use 
  * {@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#lookup(net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate, int)}
  * instead of {@link SafeServiceRegistrar#lookUp(net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate, int)}
  * to perform service discovery.
  * </table>
  * 
  * 
  * <a name="sdmLogging">
  * 
  * <b><font size="+1">Logging</font></b>
  * 
  * </a>
  *
  * This implementation of <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> uses the
  * {@link Logger} named <code>net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> to
  * log information at the following logging levels:
  * <p>
  *
  * <table border="1" cellpadding="5" summary="Describes the information logged
  * by ServiceDiscoveryManager, and the levels at which that information is
  * logged">
  *
  *
  * <caption>
  * <b><code>net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager</code></b>
  * </caption>
  *
  * <tr> <th scope="col"> Level</th>
  * <th scope="col"> Description</th>
  * </tr>
  *
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#INFO INFO}</td>
  * <td>
  * when any exception occurs while querying a lookup service, or upon applying a
  * filter to the results of such a query
  * </td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#INFO INFO}</td>
  * <td>
  * when any exception occurs while attempting to register with the event
  * mechanism of a lookup service, or while attempting to prepare the lease on
  * the registration with that event mechanism
  * </td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#INFO INFO}</td>
  * <td>when any exception occurs while attempting to prepare a proxy</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#INFO INFO}</td>
  * <td>
  * when an <code>IllegalStateException</code> occurs while discarding a lookup
  * service proxy after logging a failure that has occurred in one of the tasks
  * executed by this utility
  * </td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#INFO INFO}</td>
  * <td>upon failure of the lease renewal process</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link org.apache.river.logging.Levels#HANDLED HANDLED}</td>
  * <td>
  * when an exception occurs because a remote call to a lookup service has been
  * interrupted as a result of the termination of a cache
  * </td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link org.apache.river.logging.Levels#HANDLED HANDLED}</td>
  * <td>
  * when a "gap" is encountered in an event sequence from a lookup service
  * </td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINER FINER}</td>
  * <td>upon failure of the lease cancellation process</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINEST FINEST}</td>
  * <td>whenever any task is started</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINEST FINEST}</td>
  * <td>whenever any task completes successfully</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINEST FINEST}</td>
  * <td>whenever a lookup cache is created</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINEST FINEST}</td>
  * <td>whenever a lookup cache is terminated</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINEST FINEST}</td>
  * <td>whenever a proxy is prepared</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
  * <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINEST FINEST}</td>
  * <td>
  * when an exception (that is, <code>IllegalStateException</code>) occurs while
  * unexporting a cache's remote event listener while the cache is being
  * terminated
  * </td>
  * </tr>
  * </table>
  * <p>
  * See the {@link org.apache.river.logging.LogManager} class for one way to use the
  * logging level {@link org.apache.river.logging.Levels#HANDLED HANDLED} in standard
  * logging configuration files.
  * <p>
  *
  * @author Sun Microsystems, Inc.
  *
  * @see net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryManagement
  * @see net.jini.lookup.LookupCache
  * @see net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryListener
  * @see net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryEvent
  * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar
  */
 public class ServiceDiscoveryManager {
     
     final ProxyPreparer bootstrapProxyPreparer;
     final boolean useInsecureLookup;
     private final static String DISCARD_PROPERTY = "org.apache.river.sdm.discardWait";
     private final static String INSECURE_LOOKUP_PROPERTY = "org.apache.river.sdm.insecureLookup";
     private static final ExecutorService logExec = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new NamedThreadFactory("SDM logger", false));
     
     static void log(Level level, String message){
         log(level, message, null, null);
     }
     
     static void log(Level level, String message, Throwable thrown){
         log(level, message, null, thrown);
     }
     
     static void log(Level level, String message, Object[] parameters){
         log(level, message, parameters, null);
     }
     
     static void log(Level level, String message, Object[] parameters, Throwable thrown){
         final LogRecord record = new LogRecord(level, message);
         record.setParameters(parameters);
         record.setThrown(thrown);
 	logExec.submit(new Runnable(){
 	    public void run() {
 		logger.log(record);
 	    }
 	});
     }
 
     static void logp(Level logLevel, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod, String message, Throwable thrown) {
         final LogRecord record = new LogRecord(logLevel, message);
         record.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
         record.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
         record.setThrown(thrown);
 	logExec.submit(new Runnable(){
 	    public void run() {
 		logger.log(record);
 	    }
 	});
     }
     /**
      * @return the discardWait
      */
     long getDiscardWait() {
         long disWait = AccessController.doPrivileged(new GetLongAction(DISCARD_PROPERTY, discardWait));
         if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINEST))
             log(Level.FINEST, "discard wait = {0}", new Object[]{ disWait});
         return disWait;
     }
 
     /**
      * @return the useInsecureLookup
      */
     boolean useInsecureLookup() {
         if (AccessController.doPrivileged(new GetBooleanAction(INSECURE_LOOKUP_PROPERTY))) {
             if (logger.isLoggable(Level.CONFIG)){
                 log(Level.CONFIG, "useInsecureLookup = {0}", new Object[]{true});
             }
             return true;
         }
         return useInsecureLookup;
     }
 
     
 
 
     /**
      * Class that defines the listener that will receive local events from the
      * internal LookupCache used in the blocking versions of lookup().
      */
     private final static class ServiceDiscoveryListenerImpl
             implements ServiceDiscoveryListener {
 
         private final List<ServiceItem> items = new LinkedList<ServiceItem>();
 
         @Override
         public synchronized void serviceAdded(ServiceDiscoveryEvent event) {
             items.add(event.getPostEventServiceItem());
             this.notifyAll();
         }
 
         @Override
         public void serviceRemoved(ServiceDiscoveryEvent event) {
         }
 
         @Override
         public void serviceChanged(ServiceDiscoveryEvent event) {
         }
 
         public synchronized ServiceItem[] getServiceItem() {
             ServiceItem[] r = new ServiceItem[items.size()];
             items.toArray(r);
             items.clear();
             return r;
         }
     }//end class ServiceDiscoveryManager.ServiceDiscoveryListenerImpl
 
     /**
      * The Listener class for the LeaseRenewalManager.
      */
     private final class LeaseListenerImpl implements LeaseListener {
 
         private final ServiceRegistrar proxy;
 
         public LeaseListenerImpl(ServiceRegistrar proxy) {
             this.proxy = proxy;
         }
         /* When lease renewal fails, we discard the proxy  */
 
         @Override
         public void notify(LeaseRenewalEvent e) {
             fail(e.getException(), proxy, this.getClass().getName(), "notify",
                     "failure occurred while renewing an event lease", false);
         }
     }//end class ServiceDiscoveryManager.LeaseListenerImpl
 
     /**
      * Allows termination of LookupCacheImpl so blocking lookup can return
      * quickly
      */
     private static final class LookupCacheTerminator implements Runnable {
 
         private final BlockingQueue<LookupCacheImpl> cacheList = new LinkedBlockingQueue<LookupCacheImpl>(20);
 
         @Override
         public void run() {
             while (!cacheList.isEmpty() || !Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
                 try {
                     LookupCacheImpl cache = cacheList.take();
                     synchronized (cache) {
                         cache.terminate();
                     }
                 } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
                     if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINEST))
                         log(Level.FINEST, "SDM lookup cache terminator interrupted", ex);
                     Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                 }
             }
         }
 
         void terminate(LookupCacheImpl cache) {
             boolean added = cacheList.offer(cache);
             if (!added) { // happens if cacheList is full.
                 // Do it yourself you lazy caller thread!  Can't you see I'm busy?
                 synchronized (cache) {
                     cache.terminate();
                 }
             }
         }
 
     }
 
 
 
     /* Name of this component; used in config entry retrieval and the logger.*/
     static final String COMPONENT_NAME
             = "net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager";
     /* Logger used by this utility. */
     static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(COMPONENT_NAME);
     /* The discovery manager to use (passed in, or create one). */
     final DiscoveryManagement discMgr;
     /* Indicates whether the discovery manager was created internally or not */
     final boolean discMgrInternal;
     /* The listener added to discMgr that receives DiscoveryEvents */
     final DiscMgrListener discMgrListener;
     /* The LeaseRenewalManager to use (passed in, or create one). */
     final LeaseRenewalManager leaseRenewalMgr;
     /* Contains all of the discovered lookup services (ServiceRegistrar). */
     final WriteLock proxyRegSetWrite;
     final ReadLock proxyRegSetRead;
     final Set<ProxyReg> proxyRegSet;
     /* Random number generator for use in lookup. */
     final Random random = new Random();
     /* Contains all of the instances of LookupCache that are requested. */
     final WriteLock cachesWrite;
     final ReadLock cachesRead;
     private final List<LookupCache> caches;
 
     /* Flag to indicate if the ServiceDiscoveryManager has been terminated. */
     private boolean bTerminated = false; //sync on this
 
     private final Thread terminatorThread;
     private final LookupCacheTerminator terminator;
     /* Flag to indicate LookupCacheTerminator has been started */
     private boolean started = false; // sync on terminatorThread
     /* Object used to obtain the configuration items for this utility. */
     final Configuration thisConfig;
     /* Preparer for the proxies to the lookup services that are discovered
      * and used by this utility.
      */
     private final ProxyPreparer registrarPreparer;
     /* Preparer for the proxies to the leases returned to this utility when
      * it registers with the event mechanism of any of the discovered lookup
      * services.
      */
     private final ProxyPreparer eventLeasePreparer;
     /* Wait value used when handling the "service discard problem". */
     final long discardWait;
 
     /* Listener class for lookup service discovery notification. */
     private class DiscMgrListener implements DiscoveryListener {
         /* New or previously discarded proxy has been discovered. */
 
         @Override
         public void discovered(DiscoveryEvent e) {
             ServiceRegistrar[] proxys = e.getRegistrars();
             for (int i = 0, l = proxys.length; i < l; i++) {
                 /* Prepare each lookup service proxy before using it. */
 		if ( !useInsecureLookup() && 
 			!(proxys[i] instanceof SafeServiceRegistrar)) continue;
                 try {
                     proxys[i]
                             = (ServiceRegistrar) registrarPreparer.prepareProxy(proxys[i]);
                     if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)){
                         log(Level.FINEST, "ServiceDiscoveryManager - "
                             + "discovered lookup service proxy prepared: {0}",
                             new Object []{proxys[i]}
                         );
                     }
                 } catch (Exception e1) {
                     if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO))
                         log(Level.INFO,
                             "failure preparing discovered ServiceRegistrar "
                             + "proxy, discarding the proxy",
                             e1);
                     discard(proxys[i]);
                     continue;
                 }
                 ProxyReg reg = new ProxyReg(proxys[i]);
                 boolean added;
                 // Changed to only add to newProxys if actually new 7th Jan 2014
                 proxyRegSetWrite.lock();
                 try{
                     added = proxyRegSet.add(reg);
                 } finally {
                     proxyRegSetWrite.unlock();
                 }
                 if (added) cacheAddProxy(reg);
             }//end loop
         }//end DiscMgrListener.discovered
 
         /* Previously discovered proxy has been discarded. */
         @Override
         public void discarded(DiscoveryEvent e) {
             ServiceRegistrar[] proxys = e.getRegistrars();
             List<ProxyReg> drops = new LinkedList<ProxyReg>();
             for (int i = 0, l = proxys.length; i < l; i++) {
                 ProxyReg reg = removeReg(proxys[i]);
                 if (reg != null) { // this check can be removed.
                     drops.add(reg);
                 } else {
                     //River-337
                     if (logger.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE))
                         log(Level.SEVERE, "discard error, proxy was null");
                     //throw new RuntimeException("discard error");
                 }//endif
             }//end loop
             Iterator<ProxyReg> iter = drops.iterator();
             while (iter.hasNext()) {
                 dropProxy(iter.next());
             }//end loop
         }//end DiscMgrListener.discarded
 
         /**
          * Discards a ServiceRegistrar through the discovery manager.
          */
         private void discard(ServiceRegistrar proxy) {
             discMgr.discard(proxy);
         }//end discard
 
     }//end class ServiceDiscoveryManager.DiscMgrListener
 
     /**
      * Adds the given proxy to all the caches maintained by the SDM.
      */
     private void cacheAddProxy(ProxyReg reg) {
         cachesRead.lock();
         try{
             Iterator iter = caches.iterator();
             while (iter.hasNext()) {
                 LookupCacheImpl cache = (LookupCacheImpl) iter.next();
                 cache.addProxyReg(reg);
             }//end loop
         } finally { 
             cachesRead.unlock();
         }
     }//end cacheAddProxy
 
     /**
      * Removes the given proxy from all the caches maintained by the SDM.
      */
     private void dropProxy(ProxyReg reg) {
         cachesRead.lock();
         try {
             Iterator iter = caches.iterator();
             while (iter.hasNext()) {
                 LookupCacheImpl cache = (LookupCacheImpl) iter.next();
                 cache.removeProxyReg(reg);
             }//end loop
         } finally {
             cachesRead.unlock();
         }
     }//end dropProxy
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance of <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> which
      * will, on behalf of the entity that constructs this class, discover and
      * manage a set of lookup services, as well as discover and manage sets of
      * services registered with those lookup services. The entity indicates
      * which lookup services to discover and manage through the parameters input
      * to this constructor.
      * <p>
      * As stated in the class description, this class has three usage patterns:
      * <p>
      * <ul>
      * <li> the entity uses a {@link net.jini.lookup.LookupCache
      *        LookupCache} to locally store and manage discovered services so that
      * those services can be accessed quickly
      * <li> the entity registers with the event mechanism provided by a
      * {@link net.jini.lookup.LookupCache LookupCache} to be notified when
      * services of interest are discovered
      * <li> the entity uses the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> to perform
      * remote queries of the lookup services, employing richer semantics than
      * that provided through the standard
      * {@link net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar ServiceRegistrar} interface
      * </ul>
      * <p>
      * Although the first two usage patterns emphasize the use of a cache
      * object, that cache is acquired only through an instance of the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> class.
      * <p>
      * It is important to note that some of the methods of this class      ({@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager#createLookupCache
      * createLookupCache} and the <i>blocking</i> versions of
      * {@link net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager#lookup lookup} to be
      * exact) can throw a {@link java.rmi.RemoteException} when invoked. This is
      * because each of these methods may attempt to register with the event
      * mechanism of at least one lookup service, a process that requires a
      * remote object (a listener) to be exported to the lookup service(s). Both
      * the process of registering with a lookup service's event mechanism and
      * the process of exporting a remote object are processes that can result in
      * a {@link java.rmi.RemoteException}.
      * <p>
      * In order to facilitate the exportation of the remote listener just
      * described, the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> class instantiates an
      * inner class that implements the
      * {@link net.jini.core.event.RemoteEventListener RemoteEventListener}
      * interface. Although this class defines, instantiates, and exports this
      * remote listener, <i>it is the entity's responsibility</i> to provide a
      * mechanism for any lookup service to acquire the proxy to the exported
      * listener. One way to do this is to configure this utility to export the
      * listener using the Jini(TM) Extensible Remote Invocation (Jini ERI)
      * communication framework. When the listener is exported to use Jini ERI,
      * and no proxy customizations (such as a custom invocation handler or
      * transport endpoint) are used, no other action is necessary to make the
      * proxy to the listener available to the lookup service(s) with which that
      * listener is registered.
      * <p>
      * The <a href="#eventListenerExporter">default exporter</a> for this
      * utility will export the remote event listener under Jini ERI, specifying
      * that the port and object ID with which the listener is to be exported
      * should be chosen by the Jini ERI framework, not the deployer.
      * <p>
      * If it is required that the remote event listener be exported under JRMP
      * instead of Jini ERI, then the entity that employs this utility must
      * specify this in its configuration. For example, the entity's
      * configuration would need to contain something like the following:
      * <p>
      * <blockquote>
      * <pre>
      * import net.jini.jrmp.JrmpExporter;
      *
      * application.configuration.component.name {
      *    .......
      *    .......
      *    // configuration items specific to the application
      *    .......
      *    .......
      * }//end application.configuration.component.name
      *
      * net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager {
      *
      *    serverExporter = new JrmpExporter();
      *
      * }//end net.jini.lookup.ServiceDiscoveryManager
      * </pre>
      * </blockquote>
      * <p>
      * It is important to note that when the remote event listener is exported
      * under JRMP, unlike Jini ERI, the JRMP remote communication framework does
      * <b><i>not</i></b> provide a mechanism that automatically makes the
      * listener proxy available to the lookup service(s) with which the listener
      * is registered; the deployer of the entity, or the entity itself, must
      * provide such a mechanism.
      * <p>
      * When exported under JRMP, one of the more common mechanisms for making
      * the listener proxy available to the lookup service(s) with which the
      * listener is registered consists of the following:
      * <p>
      * <ul><li> store the necessary class files in a JAR file
      * <li> make the class files in the JAR file <i>preferred</i>
      * (see package <code>net.jini.loader.pref </code> for details)
      * <li> run an HTTP server to serve up the JAR file to any requesting lookup
      * service
      * <li> advertise the location of that JAR file by setting the
      * <code>java.rmi.server.codebase</code> property of the entity to "point"
      * at the JAR file
      * </ul>
      * <p>
      * For example, suppose an application consists of an entity that intends to
      * use the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> will run on a host named
      * <b><i>myHost</i></b>. And suppose that the <i>down-loadable</i> JAR file
      * named <b><i>sdm-dl.jar</i></b> that is provided in the distribution is
      * located in the directory <b><i>/files/jini/lib</i></b>, and will be
      * served by an HTTP server listening on port
      * <b><i>8082</i></b>. If the application is run with its codebase property
      * set to
      * <code>-Djava.rmi.server.codebase="http://myHost:8082/sdm-dl.jar"</code>,
      * the lookup service(s) should then be able to access the remote listener
      * exported under JRMP by the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> on behalf
      * of the entity.
      * <p>
      * If a mechanism for lookup services to access the remote listener exported
      * by the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> is not provided (either by
      * the remote communication framework itself, or by some other means), the
      * remote methods of the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> - the methods
      * involved in the two most important usage patterns of that utility - will
      * be of no use.
      * <p>
      * This constructor takes two arguments: an object that implements the
      * <code>DiscoveryManagement</code> interface and a reference to a
      * <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code> object. The constructor throws an
      * <code>IOException</code> because construction of a
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> may initiate the multicast discovery
      * process, a process that can throw an <code>IOException</code>.
      *
      * @param discoveryMgr the <code>DiscoveryManagement</code> implementation
      * through which notifications that indicate a lookup service has been
      * discovered or discarded will be received. If the value of the argument is
      * <code>null</code>, then an instance of the
      * <code>LookupDiscoveryManager</code> utility class will be constructed to
      * listen for events announcing the discovery of only those lookup services
      * that are members of the public group.
      *
      * @param leaseMgr the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code> to use. A value of
      * <code>null</code> may be passed as the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code>
      * argument. If the value of the argument is <code>null</code>, an instance
      * of the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code> class will be created, initially
      * managing no <code>Lease</code> objects.
      *
      * @throws IOException because construction of a
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> may initiate the multicast discovery
      * process which can throw an <code>IOException</code>.
      *
      * @see net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryManagement
      * @see net.jini.core.event.RemoteEventListener
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar
      */
     public ServiceDiscoveryManager(DiscoveryManagement discoveryMgr,
             LeaseRenewalManager leaseMgr)
             throws IOException {
 
         this(initial(discoveryMgr, leaseMgr, EmptyConfiguration.INSTANCE));
 
     }//end constructor
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance of this class, which is configured using the items
      * retrieved through the given <code>Configuration</code>, that will, on
      * behalf of the entity that constructs this class, discover and manage a
      * set of lookup services, as well as discover and manage sets of services
      * registered with those lookup services. Through the parameters input to
      * this constructor, the client of this utility indicates which lookup
      * services to discover and manage, and how it wants the utility
      * additionally configured.
      * <p>
      * For a more details, refer to the description of the alternate constructor
      * of this class.
      * <p>
      * This constructor takes three arguments: an object that implements the
      * <code>DiscoveryManagement</code> interface, a reference to an instance of
      * the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code> class, and a
      * <code>Configuration</code> object. The constructor throws an
      * <code>IOException</code> because construction of a
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> may initiate the multicast discovery
      * process, a process that can throw an <code>IOException</code>. The
      * constructor also throws a <code>ConfigurationException</code> when an
      * exception occurs while retrieving an item from the given
      * <code>Configuration</code>
      *
      * @param discoveryMgr the <code>DiscoveryManagement</code> implementation
      * through which notifications that indicate a lookup service has been
      * discovered or discarded will be received. If the value of the argument is
      * <code>null</code>, then an instance of the
      * <code>LookupDiscoveryManager</code> utility class will be constructed to
      * listen for events announcing the discovery of only those lookup services
      * that are members of the public group.
      *
      * @param leaseMgr the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code> to use. A value of
      * <code>null</code> may be passed as the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code>
      * argument. If the value of the argument is <code>null</code>, an instance
      * of the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code> class will be created, initially
      * managing no <code>Lease</code> objects.
      * @param config the <code>Configuration</code>
      *
      * @throws IOException because construction of a
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> may initiate the multicast discovery
      * process which can throw an <code>IOException</code>.
      *
      * @throws net.jini.config.ConfigurationException indicates an exception
      * occurred while retrieving an item from the given
      * <code>Configuration</code>
      *
      * @throws java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>null</code> is input for
      * the configuration
      *
      * @see net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryManagement
      * @see net.jini.core.event.RemoteEventListener
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar
      * @see net.jini.config.Configuration
      * @see net.jini.config.ConfigurationException
      */
     public ServiceDiscoveryManager(DiscoveryManagement discoveryMgr,
             LeaseRenewalManager leaseMgr,
             Configuration config)
             throws IOException,
             ConfigurationException {
         this(init(discoveryMgr, leaseMgr, config));
     }//end constructor
 
     private ServiceDiscoveryManager(Initializer init) {
         // Key's added only if absent.
         this.proxyRegSet = new HashSet<ProxyReg>();
         ReentrantReadWriteLock rwl = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
         proxyRegSetRead = rwl.readLock();
         proxyRegSetWrite = rwl.writeLock();
         this.caches = new ArrayList<LookupCache>(32);
         ReentrantReadWriteLock rwl2 = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
         cachesWrite = rwl2.writeLock();
         cachesRead = rwl2.readLock();
         thisConfig = init.thisConfig;
         registrarPreparer = init.registrarPreparer;
         eventLeasePreparer = init.eventLeasePreparer;
 	bootstrapProxyPreparer = init.bootstrapProxyPreparer;
 	useInsecureLookup = init.useInsecureLookup;
         leaseRenewalMgr = init.leaseRenewalMgr;
         discardWait = init.discardWait;
         discMgr = init.discMgr;
         discMgrInternal = init.discMgrInternal;
         discMgrListener = new DiscMgrListener();
         discMgr.addDiscoveryListener(discMgrListener);
         terminator = new LookupCacheTerminator();
         terminatorThread = new Thread(terminator, "SDM lookup cache terminator");
         terminatorThread.setDaemon(false);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns array of ServiceRegistrar created from the proxyRegSet
      */
     private ServiceRegistrar[] buildServiceRegistrar() {
         List<ServiceRegistrar> proxys = new LinkedList<ServiceRegistrar>();
         proxyRegSetRead.lock();
         try {
             Iterator<ProxyReg> iter = proxyRegSet.iterator();
             while (iter.hasNext()) {
                 ProxyReg reg = iter.next();
                 proxys.add(reg.getProxy());
             }//end loop
         } finally {
             proxyRegSetRead.unlock();
         }
         return proxys.toArray(new ServiceRegistrar[proxys.size()]);
     }//end buildServiceRegistrar
 
     /**
      * Queries each available lookup service in the set of lookup services
      * managed by the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> (the <i>managed
      * set</i>) for a service reference that matches criteria defined by the
      * entity that invokes this method. The semantics of this method are similar
      * to the semantics of the <code>lookup</code> method provided by the
      * <code>ServiceRegistrar</code> interface; employing the same
      * template-matching scheme. Additionally, this method allows any entity to
      * supply an object referred to as a <i>filter</i>. Such an object is a
      * non-remote object that defines additional matching criteria that the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> applies when searching for the
      * entity's services of interest. This filtering facility is particularly
      * useful to entities that wish to extend the capabilities of standard
      * template-matching.
      * <p>
      * Entities typically employ this method when they need infrequent access to
      * services, and when the cost of making remote queries is outweighed by the
      * overhead of maintaining a local cache (for example, because of resource
      * limitations).
      * <p>
      * This version of <code>lookup</code> returns a <i>single</i> instance of
      * <code>ServiceItem</code> corresponding to one of possibly many service
      * references that satisfy the matching criteria. If multiple services
      * matching the input criteria happen to exist, it is arbitrary as to which
      * reference is actually returned. It is for this reason that entities that
      * invoke this method typically care only that <i>a</i>
      * service is returned, not <i>which</i> service.
      * <p>
      * Note that, unlike other versions of <code>lookup</code> provided by the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>, this version does not
      * <i>block</i>. That is, this version will return immediately upon failure
      * (or success) to find a service matching the input criteria.
      *
      * It is important to understand this characteristic because there is a
      * common usage scenario that can cause confusion when this version of
      * <code>lookup</code> is used but fails to discover the expected service of
      * interest. Suppose an entity creates a service discovery manager and then
      * immediately calls this version of <code>lookup</code>, which simply
      * queries the currently discovered lookup services for the service of
      * interest. If the discovery manager employed by the service discovery
      * manager has not yet disovered any lookup services (thus, there are no
      * lookup services to query) the method will immediately return a value of
      * <code>null</code>. This can be confusing when one verifies that such a
      * service of interest has indeed been started and registered with the
      * existing lookup service(s). To address this issue, one of the blocking
      * versions of <code>lookup</code> could be used instead of this version, or
      * the entity could simply wait until the discovery manager has been given
      * enough time to complete its own (lookup) discovery processing.
      *
      * @param tmpl an instance of <code>ServiceTemplate</code> corresponding to
      * the object to use for template-matching when searching for desired
      * services. If <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, this method
      * will use a <i>wildcarded</i>
      * template (will match all services) when performing template-matching.
      * Note that the effects of modifying contents of this parameter before this
      * method returns are unpredictable and undefined.
      * @param filter an instance of <code>ServiceItemFilter</code> containing
      * matching criteria that should be applied in addition to the
      * template-matching employed when searching for desired services. If
      * <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, then only template-matching
      * will be employed to find the desired services.
      *
      * @return a single instance of <code>ServiceItem</code> corresponding to a
      * reference to a service that matches the criteria represented in the input
      * parameters; or <code>null</code> if no matching service can be found.
      * Note that if multiple services matching the input criteria exist, it is
      * arbitrary as to which reference is returned.
      *
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#lookup
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate
      * @see net.jini.lookup.ServiceItemFilter
      */
     public ServiceItem lookup(ServiceTemplate tmpl, ServiceItemFilter filter) {
 	checkTerminated();
         ServiceRegistrar[] proxys = buildServiceRegistrar();
         int len = proxys.length;
         if (len == 0) {
             return null;
         }
         int rand = random.nextInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE) % len;
         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
             ServiceRegistrar proxy = proxys[(i + rand) % len];
             ServiceItem sItem = null;
             try {
                 int maxMatches = ((filter != null) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : 1);
 		Object [] matches;
 		if (useInsecureLookup()){
 		    ServiceMatches sm = proxy.lookup(tmpl, maxMatches);
 		    matches = sm.items;
 		} else {
 		    matches = ((SafeServiceRegistrar)proxy).lookUp(tmpl, maxMatches);
 		}
 		if (matches == null) continue;
                 sItem = getMatchedServiceItem(matches, filter);
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO))
                     log(Level.INFO,
                         "Exception occurred during query, discarding proxy",
                         e);
                 discard(proxy);
             }
             if (sItem != null) {
                 return sItem; //Don't need to clone
             }
         }//end loop
         return null;
     }//end lookup
     
     /**
      * Queries each available lookup service in the managed set for a service
      * that matches the input criteria. The semantics of this method are similar
      * to the semantics of the <code>lookup</code> method provided by the
      * <code>ServiceRegistrar</code> interface; employing the same
      * template-matching scheme. Additionally, this method allows any entity to
      * supply an object referred to as a <i>filter</i>. Such an object is a
      * non-remote object that defines additional matching criteria that the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> applies when searching for the
      * entity's services of interest. This filtering facility is particularly
      * useful to entities that wish to extend the capabilities of standard
      * template-matching.
      * <p>
      * This version of <code>lookup</code> returns a <i>single</i> instance of
      * <code>ServiceItem</code> corresponding to one of possibly many service
      * references that satisfy the matching criteria. If multiple services
      * matching the input criteria happen to exist, it is arbitrary as to which
      * reference is actually returned. It is for this reason that entities that
      * invoke this method typically care only that <i>a</i>
      * service is returned, not <i>which</i> service.
      * <p>
      * Note that this version of <code>lookup</code> provides a
      * <i>blocking</i> feature that is controlled through the
      * <code>waitDur</code> parameter. That is, this version will not return
      * until either a service that matches the input criteria has been found, or
      * the amount of time contained in the <code>waitDur</code> parameter has
      * passed. If, while waiting for the service of interest to be found, the
      * entity decides that it no longer wishes to wait the entire period for
      * this method to return, the entity may interrupt this method by invoking
      * the interrupt method from the <code>Thread</code> class. The intent of
      * this mechanism is to allow the entity to interrupt this method in the
      * same way it would a sleeping thread.
      * <p>
      * Entities typically employ this method when they need infrequent access to
      * services, are willing (or forced) to wait for those services to be found,
      * and consider the cost of making remote queries for those services is
      * outweighed by the overhead of maintaining a local cache (for example,
      * because of resource limitations).
      *
      * @param tmpl an instance of <code>ServiceTemplate</code> corresponding to
      * the object to use for template-matching when searching for desired
      * services. If <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, this method
      * will use a <i>wildcarded</i>
      * template (will match all services) when performing template-matching.
      * Note that the effects of modifying contents of this parameter before this
      * method returns are unpredictable and undefined.
      * @param filter an instance of <code>ServiceItemFilter</code> containing
      * matching criteria that should be applied in addition to the
      * template-matching employed when searching for desired services. If
      * <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, then only template-matching
      * will be employed to find the desired services.
      * @param waitDur the amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait before ending
      * the "search" and returning <code>null</code>. If a non-positive value is
      * input to this parameter, then this method will not wait; it will simply
      * query the available lookup services and return a matching service
      * reference or <code>null</code>.
      *
      * @return a single instance of <code>ServiceItem</code> corresponding to a
      * reference to a service that matches the criteria represented in the input
      * parameters; or <code>null</code> if no matching service can be found.
      * Note that if multiple services matching the input criteria exist, it is
      * arbitrary as to which reference is returned.
      *
      * @throws java.lang.InterruptedException this exception occurs when the
      * entity interrupts this method by invoking the interrupt method from the
      * <code>Thread</code> class.
      *
      * @throws java.rmi.RemoteException typically, this exception occurs when a
      * RemoteException occurs either as a result of an attempt to export a
      * remote listener, or an attempt to register with the event mechanism of a
      * lookup service.
      *
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#lookup
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate
      * @see net.jini.lookup.ServiceItemFilter
      * @see java.lang.Thread
      */
     public ServiceItem lookup(ServiceTemplate tmpl,
             ServiceItemFilter filter,
             long waitDur) throws InterruptedException,
             RemoteException {
         /* First query each lookup for the desired service */
         ServiceItem sm = lookup(tmpl, filter);//checkTerminated() is done here
         if (sm != null) {
             return sm;
         }
         /* If the desired service is not in any of the lookups, wait for it. */
         ServiceDiscoveryListener cacheListener
                 = new ServiceDiscoveryListenerImpl();
         LookupCacheImpl cache = null;
         try {
             /* The cache must be created inside the listener sync block,
              * otherwise a race condition can occur. This is because the
              * creation of a cache results in event registration which
              * will ultimately result in the invocation of the serviceAdded()
              * method in the cache's listener, and the interruption of any
              * objects waiting on the cache's listener. If the notifications
              * happen to occur before commencing the wait on the listener
              * object (see below), then the wait will never be interrupted
              * because the interrupts were sent before the wait() method
              * was invoked. Synchronizing on the listener and the listener's
              * serviceAdded() method, and creating the cache only after the
              * lock has been acquired, together will prevent this situation
              * since event registration cannot occur until the cache is
              * created, and the lock that allows entry into the serviceAdded()
              * method (which is invoked once the events do arrive) is not
              * released until the wait() method is invoked .
              */
             synchronized (cacheListener) {
                 cache = createLookupCache(tmpl, filter, cacheListener, waitDur);
                 long duration = cache.getLeaseDuration();
                 while (duration > 0) {
                     cacheListener.wait(duration);
                     sm = cache.lookup(null);
                     if (sm != null) {
                         return sm;
                     }
                     duration = cache.getLeaseDuration();
                 }//end loop
             }//end sync(cacheListener)
             return null; // Make it clear we're returning null.
         } finally {
             if (cache != null) {
                 terminator.terminate(cache);
             }
         }
     }//end lookup
 
     /**
      * The <code>createLookupCache</code> method allows the client-like entity
      * to request that the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> create a new
      * managed set (or cache) and populate it with services, which match
      * criteria defined by the entity, and whose references are registered with
      * one or more of the lookup services the entity has targeted for discovery.
      * <p>
      * This method returns an object of type <code>LookupCache</code>. Through
      * this return value, the entity can query the cache for services of
      * interest, manage the cache's event mechanism for service discoveries, or
      * terminate the cache.
      * <p>
      * An entity typically uses the object returned by this method to provide
      * local storage of, and access to, references to services that it is
      * interested in using. Entities needing frequent access to numerous
      * services will find the object returned by this method quite useful
      * because acquisition of those service references is provided through local
      * method invocations. Additionally, because the object returned by this
      * method provides an event mechanism, it is also useful to entities wishing
      * to simply monitor, in an event-driven manner, the state changes that
      * occur in the services of interest.
      * <p>
      * Although not required, a common usage pattern for entities that wish to
      * use the <code>LookupCache</code> class to store and manage "discovered"
      * services is to create a separate cache for each service type of interest.
      *
      * @param tmpl template to match. It uses template-matching semantics to
      * identify the service(s) to acquire from lookup services in the managed
      * set. If this value is <code>null</code>, it is the equivalent of passing
      * a <code>ServiceTemplate</code> constructed with all <code>null</code>
      * arguments (all wildcards).
      * @param filter used to apply additional matching criteria to any
      * <code>ServiceItem</code> found through template-matching. If this value
      * is <code>null</code>, no additional filtering will be applied beyond the
      * template-matching.
      * @param listener object that will receive notifications when services
      * matching the input criteria are discovered for the first time, or have
      * encountered a state change such as removal from all lookup services or
      * attribute set changes. If this value is <code>null</code>, the cache
      * resulting from that invocation will send no such notifications.
      *
      * @return LookupCache used to query the cache for services of interest,
      * manage the cache's event mechanism for service discoveries, or terminate
      * the cache.
      *
      * @throws java.rmi.RemoteException typically, this exception occurs when a
      * RemoteException occurs as a result of an attempt to export the remote
      * listener that receives service events from the lookup services in the
      * managed set.
      *
      * @see net.jini.lookup.ServiceItemFilter
      */
     public LookupCache createLookupCache(ServiceTemplate tmpl,
             ServiceItemFilter filter,
             ServiceDiscoveryListener listener)
             throws RemoteException {
         checkTerminated();
         return createLookupCache(tmpl, filter, listener, Long.MAX_VALUE);
     }//end createLookupCache
 
     /**
      * The <code>getDiscoveryManager</code> method will return an object that
      * implements the <code>DiscoveryManagement</code> interface. The object
      * returned by this method provides the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>
      * with the ability to set discovery listeners and to discard previously
      * discovered lookup services when they are found to be unavailable.
      *
      * @return DiscoveryManagement implementation
      * @see net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryManagement
      */
     public DiscoveryManagement getDiscoveryManager() {
         checkTerminated();
         return discMgr;
     }//end getDiscoveryManager
 
     /**
      * The <code>getLeaseRenewalManager</code> method will return an instance of
      * the <code>LeaseRenewalManager</code> class. The object returned by this
      * method manages the leases requested and held by the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>. In general, these leases correspond
      * to the registrations made by the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>
      * with the event mechanism of each lookup service in the managed set.
      *
      * @return LeaseRenewalManager for this instance of the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>.
      * @see net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalManager
      */
     public LeaseRenewalManager getLeaseRenewalManager() {
         checkTerminated();
         return leaseRenewalMgr;
     }//end getLeaseRenewalManager
 
     /**
      * The <code>terminate</code> method performs cleanup duties related to the
      * termination of the event mechanism for lookup service discovery, the
      * event mechanism for service discovery, and the cache management duties of
      * the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>.
      * <p>
      * For each instance of <code>LookupCache</code> created and managed by the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>, the <code>terminate</code> method
      * will do the following:
      * <ul>
      * <li>Either remove all listener objects registered for receipt of
      * <code>DiscoveryEvent</code> objects or, if the discovery manager employed
      * by the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> was created by the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> itself, terminate all discovery
      * processing being performed by that manager object on behalf of the
      * entity.
      * <p>
      * <li>Cancel all event leases granted by each lookup service in the managed
      * set of lookup services.
      * <p>
      * <li>Un-export all remote listener objects registered with each lookup
      * service in the managed set.
      * <p>
      * <li>Terminate all threads involved in the process of retrieving and
      * storing references to discovered services of interest.
      * </ul>
      * Calling any method after the termination will result in an
      * <code>IllegalStateException</code>.
      *
      * @see net.jini.lookup.LookupCache
      * @see net.jini.discovery.DiscoveryEvent
      */
     public void terminate() {
         synchronized (this) {
             if (bTerminated) {
                 return;//allow for multiple terminations
             }
             bTerminated = true;
             /* Terminate lookup service discovery processing */
             discMgr.removeDiscoveryListener(discMgrListener);
             if (discMgrInternal) {
                 discMgr.terminate();
             }
         }//end sync
         terminatorThread.interrupt();
         /* Terminate all caches: cancel event leases, un-export listeners */
         List<LookupCache> terminate;
         cachesRead.lock();
         try{
             terminate = new ArrayList<LookupCache>(caches);
         } finally {
             cachesRead.unlock();
         }
         Iterator iter = terminate.iterator();
         while (iter.hasNext()) {
             LookupCacheImpl cache = (LookupCacheImpl) iter.next();
             cache.terminate();
         }//end loop
         leaseRenewalMgr.close();
     }//end terminate
 
     /**
      * Queries each available lookup service in the managed set for service(s)
      * that match the input criteria. The semantics of this method are similar
      * to the semantics of the <code>lookup</code> method provided by the
      * <code>ServiceRegistrar</code> interface; employing the same
      * template-matching scheme. Additionally, this method allows any entity to
      * supply an object referred to as a <i>filter</i>. Such an object is a
      * non-remote object that defines additional matching criteria that the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> applies when searching for the
      * entity's services of interest. This filtering facility is particularly
      * useful to entities that wish to extend the capabilities of standard
      * template-matching.
      * <p>
      * Entities typically employ this method when they need infrequent access to
      * multiple instances of services, and when the cost of making remote
      * queries is outweighed by the overhead of maintaining a local cache (for
      * example, because of resource limitations).
      * <p>
      * This version of <code>lookup</code> returns an <i>array</i> of instances
      * of <code>ServiceItem</code> in which each element corresponds to a
      * service reference that satisfies the matching criteria. The number of
      * elements in the returned set will be no greater than the value of the
      * <code>maxMatches</code> parameter, but may be less.
      * <p>
      * Note that this version of <code>lookup</code> does not provide a
      * <i>blocking</i> feature. That is, this version will return immediately
      * with whatever number of service references it can find, up to the number
      * indicated in the <code>maxMatches</code> parameter. If no services
      * matching the input criteria can be found on the first attempt, an empty
      * array is returned.
      *
      * It is important to understand this characteristic because there is a
      * common usage scenario that can cause confusion when this version of
      * <code>lookup</code> is used but fails to discover any instances of the
      * expected service of interest. Suppose an entity creates a service
      * discovery manager and then immediately calls this version of
      * <code>lookup</code>, which simply queries the currently discovered lookup
      * services for the service of interest. If the discovery manager employed
      * by the service discovery manager has not yet discovered any lookup
      * services (thus, there are no lookup services to query) the method will
      * immediately return an empty array. This can be confusing when one
      * verifies that instance(s) of such a service of interest have indeed been
      * started and registered with the existing lookup service(s). To address
      * this issue, one of the blocking versions of <code>lookup</code> could be
      * used instead of this version, or the entity could simply wait until the
      * discovery manager has been given enough time to complete its own (lookup)
      * discovery processing.
      *
      * @param tmpl an instance of <code>ServiceTemplate</code> corresponding to
      * the object to use for template-matching when searching for desired
      * services. If <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, this method
      * will use a <i>wildcarded</i> template (will match all services) when
      * performing template-matching. Note that the effects of modifying contents
      * of this parameter before this method returns are unpredictable and
      * undefined.
      * @param maxMatches this method will return no more than this number of
      * service references
      * @param filter an instance of <code>ServiceItemFilter</code> containing
      * matching criteria that should be applied in addition to the
      * template-matching employed when searching for desired services. If
      * <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, then only template-matching
      * will be employed to find the desired services.
      *
      * @return an array of instances of <code>ServiceItem</code> where each
      * element corresponds to a reference to a service that matches the criteria
      * represented in the input parameters; or an empty array if no matching
      * service can be found.
      *
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#lookup
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate
      * @see net.jini.lookup.ServiceItemFilter
      */
     public ServiceItem[] lookup(ServiceTemplate tmpl,
             int maxMatches,
             ServiceItemFilter filter) 
     {
         checkTerminated();
         if (maxMatches < 1) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxMatches must be > 0");
         }
         /* retrieve the lookup service(s) to query for matching service(s) */
         ServiceRegistrar[] proxys = buildServiceRegistrar();
 
         int len = proxys.length;
         List<ServiceItem> sItemSet = new ArrayList<ServiceItem>(len);
         if (len > 0) {
             /* loop thru the set of lookups, randomly selecting each lookup */
             int rand = (random.nextInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE)) % len;
             for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                 int max = maxMatches;
                 ServiceRegistrar proxy = proxys[(i + rand) % len];
                 try {
                     /* If a filter is to be applied (filter != null), then
                      * the value of the maxMatches parameter will not
                      * suffice when querying the current lookup service.
                      * This is because although services returned from a
                      * query of the lookup service will match the template,
                      * some of those services may get filtered out. Thus,
                      * asking for exactly maxMatches may result in fewer
                      * matching services than actually are contained in
                      * the lookup. Thus, all matching services are
                      * requested by passing in "infinity" for the maximum
                      * number of matches (Integer.MAX_VALUE).
                      */
                     if (filter != null) {
                         max = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                     }
                     /* Query the current lookup for matching service(s). */
 		    Object [] result;
 		    if (useInsecureLookup()){
 			ServiceMatches matches = proxy.lookup(tmpl, max);
 			result = matches.items;
 		    } else {
 			result = ((SafeServiceRegistrar)proxy).lookUp(tmpl, max);
 		    }
 		    if (result == null) continue;
                     int nItems = result.length;
                     if (nItems == 0) {
                         continue;//no matches, query next lookup
                     }                    
 		    /* Loop thru the matching services, randomly selecting
                      * each service, applying the filter if appropriate,
                      * and making sure the service has not already been
                      * selected (it may have been returned from a previously
                      * queried lookup).
                      */
 
                     int r = (random.nextInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE)) % nItems;
                     for (int j = 0; j < nItems; j++) {
                         Object obj = result[(j + r) % nItems];
                         if (obj == null) continue;
 			ServiceItem sItem;
 			if (useInsecureLookup()){
 			    sItem = (ServiceItem) obj;
 			    if (!filterPassed(sItem, filter)) continue;
 			} else {
 			    sItem = check(obj, filter, bootstrapProxyPreparer);
 			    if (sItem == null) continue;
 			}                     
                         if (!isArrayContainsServiceItem(sItemSet, sItem)) {
                             sItemSet.add(sItem);
                         }
                         if (sItemSet.size() >= maxMatches) {
                             return sItemSet.toArray(new ServiceItem[sItemSet.size()]);
                         }
                     }                
 		} catch (Exception e) {
                     if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO))
                         log(Level.INFO,
                             "Exception occurred during query, discarding proxy",
                             e);
                     discard(proxy);
                 }
             }//end loop(i)
         }//endif(len>0)
         /* Will reach this return statement only when less than the number
          * of services requested have been found in the loop above.
          */
         return (ServiceItem[]) (sItemSet.toArray(new ServiceItem[sItemSet.size()]));
     }//end lookup
 
     /**
      * Queries each available lookup service in the managed set for service(s)
      * that match the input criteria. The semantics of this method are similar
      * to the semantics of the <code>lookup</code> method provided by the
      * <code>ServiceRegistrar</code> interface; employing the same
      * template-matching scheme. Additionally, this method allows any entity to
      * supply an object referred to as a <i>filter</i>. Such an object is a
      * non-remote object that defines additional matching criteria that the
      * <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code> applies when searching for the
      * entity's services of interest. This filtering facility is particularly
      * useful to entities that wish to extend the capabilities of standard
      * template-matching.
      * <p>
      * This version of <code>lookup</code> returns an <i>array</i> of instances
      * of <code>ServiceItem</code> in which each element corresponds to a
      * service reference that satisfies the matching criteria. The number of
      * elements in the returned set will be no greater than the value of the
      * <code>maxMatches</code> parameter, but may be less.
      * <p>
      * Note that this version of <code>lookup</code> provides a
      * <i>blocking</i> feature that is controlled through the
      * <code>waitDur</code> parameter in conjunction with the
      * <code>minMatches</code> and the <code>maxMatches</code> parameters. This
      * method will not return until one of the following occurs:
      * <p>
      * <ul>
      * <li> the number of matching services found on the first attempt is
      * greater than or equal to the value of the <code>minMatches</code>
      * parameter, in which case this method returns each of the services found
      * up to the value of the <code>maxMatches</code> parameter
      * <li> the number of matching services found <i>after</i> the first attempt
      * (that is, after the method enters the "wait state") is at least as great
      * as the value of the <code>minMatches</code> parameter in which case this
      * method returns each of the services found up to the value of the
      * <code>maxMatches</code> parameter
      * <li> the amount of time that has passed since this method entered the
      * wait state exceeds the value of the <code>waitDur</code> parameter, in
      * which case this method returns all of the currently discovered services
      * </ul>
      * <p>
      * The purpose of the <code>minMatches</code> parameter is to allow the
      * entity to balance its need for multiple matching service references with
      * its need to minimize the time spent in the wait state; time that most
      * would consider wasted if an acceptable number of matching service
      * references were found, but this method continued to wait until the end of
      * the designated time period.
      * <p>
      * If, while waiting for the minimum number of desired services to be
      * discovered, the entity decides that it no longer wishes to wait the
      * entire period for this method to return, the entity may interrupt this
      * method by invoking the interrupt method from the <code>Thread</code>
      * class. The intent of this mechanism is to allow the entity to interrupt
      * this method in the same way it would a sleeping thread.
      * <p>
      * Entities typically employ this method when they need infrequent access to
      * multiple instances of services, are willing (or forced) to wait for those
      * services to be found, and consider the cost of making remote queries for
      * those services is outweighed by the overhead of maintaining a local cache
      * (for example, because of resource limitations).
      *
      * @param tmpl an instance of <code>ServiceTemplate</code> corresponding to
      * the object to use for template-matching when searching for desired
      * services. If <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, this method
      * will use a
      * <i>wildcarded</i> template (will match all services) when performing
      * template-matching. Note that the effects of modifying contents of this
      * parameter before this method returns are unpredictable and undefined.
      * @param minMatches this method will immediately exit the wait state and
      * return once this number of service references is found
      * @param maxMatches this method will return no more than this number of
      * service references
      * @param filter an instance of <code>ServiceItemFilter</code> containing
      * matching criteria that should be applied in addition to the
      * template-matching employed when searching for desired services. If
      * <code>null</code> is input to this parameter, then only template-matching
      * will be employed to find the desired services.
      * @param waitDur the amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait before ending
      * the "search" and returning an empty array. If a non-positive value is
      * input to this parameter, then this method will not wait; it will simply
      * query the available lookup services and return whatever matching service
      * reference(s) it could find, up to <code>maxMatches</code>.
      *
      * @return an array of instances of <code>ServiceItem</code> where each
      * element corresponds to a reference to a service that matches the criteria
      * represented in the input parameters; or an empty array if no matching
      * service can be found within the time allowed.
      *
      * @throws java.lang.InterruptedException this exception occurs when the
      * entity interrupts this method by invoking the interrupt method from the
      * <code>Thread</code> class.
      *
      * @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException this exception occurs when one
      * of the following conditions is satisfied:
      * <p>
      * <ul> <li>the <code>minMatches</code> parameter is non-positive
      * <li>the <code>maxMatches</code> parameter is non-positive
      * <li>the value of <code>maxMatches</code> is <i>less than</i>
      * the value of <code>minMatches</code>
      * </ul>
      *
      * @throws java.rmi.RemoteException typically, this exception occurs when a
      * RemoteException occurs either as a result of an attempt to export a
      * remote listener, or an attempt to register with the event mechanism of a
      * lookup service.
      *
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceRegistrar#lookup
      * @see net.jini.core.lookup.ServiceTemplate
      * @see net.jini.lookup.ServiceItemFilter
      * @see java.lang.Thread
      */
     public ServiceItem[] lookup(ServiceTemplate tmpl,
             int minMatches,
             int maxMatches,
             ServiceItemFilter filter,
                                 long waitDur )  throws InterruptedException,
                                                        RemoteException
     {
         checkTerminated();
         if (minMatches < 1) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("minMatches must be > 0");
         }
         if (maxMatches < minMatches) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxMatches must be > minMatches");
         }
 
         long delay = System.currentTimeMillis();
         ServiceItem[] sItems = lookup(tmpl, maxMatches, filter);
         if (sItems.length >= minMatches) {
             return sItems;
         }
         List<ServiceItem> sItemSet = new LinkedList<ServiceItem>();
         for (int i = 0, l = sItems.length; i < l; i++) {
 	    //if(!sItemSet.contains(sItems[i])
             //sItemSet.add(sItems[i]);
             if (!isArrayContainsServiceItem(sItemSet, sItems[i])) {
                 sItemSet.add(sItems[i]);
             }//endif
         }//end loop       
         ServiceDiscoveryListenerImpl cacheListener
                 = new ServiceDiscoveryListenerImpl();
         /* The cache must be created inside the listener sync block,
          * otherwise a race condition can occur. This is because the
          * creation of a cache results in event registration which
          * will ultimately result in the invocation of the serviceAdded()
          * method in the cache's listener, and the interruption of any
          * objects waiting on the cache's listener. If the notifications
          * happen to occur before commencing the wait on the listener
          * object (see below), then the wait will never be interrupted
          * because the interrupts were sent before the wait() method
          * was invoked. Synchronizing on the listener and the listener's
          * serviceAdded() method, and creating the cache only after the
          * lock has been acquired, together will prevent this situation
          * since event registration cannot occur until the cache is
          * created, and the lock that allows entry into the serviceAdded()
          * method (which is invoked once the events do arrive) is not
          * released until the wait() method is invoked.
          */
         LookupCacheImpl cache;
         synchronized (cacheListener) { // uncontended lock.
             delay = (System.currentTimeMillis() - delay) + 1; // Calculate initial time delay in ms.
             cache = createLookupCache(tmpl, filter, cacheListener, waitDur);
             long duration = cache.getLeaseDuration();
             while (duration > delay) { // Some milli's to spare to ensure we return in reasonable time.
                 cacheListener.wait(duration - delay);
                 ServiceItem items[] = cacheListener.getServiceItem();
                 for (int i = 0, l = items.length; i < l; i++) {
                     if (!isArrayContainsServiceItem(sItemSet, items[i])) {
                         sItemSet.add(items[i]);
                     }//endif
                 }//end loop
                 if (sItemSet.size() == minMatches) {
                     break;
                 }
                 duration = cache.getLeaseDuration();
             }//end loop
         }//end sync(cacheListener)
         // Termination is now performed by a dedicated thread to ensure
         // Remote method call doesn't take too long.
         terminator.terminate(cache);
         if (sItemSet.size() > maxMatches) {
             // Discard some matches
             ServiceItem[] r = new ServiceItem[maxMatches];
             // Iterator is faster for LinkedList.
             Iterator<ServiceItem> it = sItemSet.iterator();
             for (int i = 0; it.hasNext() && i < maxMatches; i++) {
                 r[i] = it.next();
             }
             return r;
         }
         ServiceItem[] r = new ServiceItem[sItemSet.size()];
         sItemSet.toArray(r);
         return r;
     }//end lookup
 
     /**
      * From the given set of ServiceMatches, randomly selects and returns a
      * ServiceItem that matches the given filter (if applicable).
      */
     private ServiceItem getMatchedServiceItem(Object [] sm,
 						ServiceItemFilter filter) 
     {
         int len = sm.length;
         if (len > 0) {
             int rand = random.nextInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE) % len;
             for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                 Object sItem = sm[(i + rand) % len];
                 if (sItem == null) continue;
 		ServiceItem item = null;
 		if (useInsecureLookup()){
 		    item = (ServiceItem) sItem;
 		    if (filterPassed(item, filter)) return item;
 		} else {
 		    item = check(sItem, filter, bootstrapProxyPreparer);
 		    if (item == null) continue;
 		    return item;
 		}
             }//end loop
         }//endif
         return null;
     }//end getMatchedServiceItem
     
     /**
      * 
      * @param bootstrapProxy
      * @param filter
      * @param bootstrapPreparer
      * @param serviceProxyPreparer
      * @return a new ServiceItem if preparation and filter are successful, or
      * null.
      */
     private ServiceItem check(Object bootstrapProxy, ServiceItemFilter filter,
 	    ProxyPreparer bootstrapPreparer) 
     {
 	try {
 	    if (!(bootstrapProxy instanceof ServiceAttributesAccessor) &&
 		    !(bootstrapProxy instanceof ServiceIDAccessor) &&
 		    !(bootstrapProxy instanceof ServiceProxyAccessor)) return null;
 	    // The bootstrap proxy preparer can authenticate, dynamically
 	    // grant permission to download and deserialize the service proxy.
 	    // The service proxy can be trusted, however no constraints have
 	    // been applied to the service proxy yet.
 	    Object preparedProxy = bootstrapPreparer.prepareProxy(bootstrapProxy);
 	    // getServiceAttributes may try to download code, the bootstrapPreparer
 	    // should have authenticated and authorised any code downloads.
 	    Entry[] serviceAttributes =
 		    ((ServiceAttributesAccessor) preparedProxy).getServiceAttributes();
 	    ServiceID serviceID = ((ServiceIDAccessor) preparedProxy).serviceID();
 	    ServiceItem item = new ServiceItem(serviceID, bootstrapProxy, serviceAttributes);
 	    try {
 		if (filter == null){ // No local filter, retrieve service proxy.
 		    item.service = 
 			((ServiceProxyAccessor) preparedProxy).getServiceProxy();
 		    return item;
 		}
 		// The ServiceItemFilter should mutate the ServiceItem.service
 		// field after preparing the proxy and retrieving the 
 		// service proxy using ServiceProxyAccessor.
 		if (filter.check(item)) return item;
 	    } catch (SecurityException ex) {
                 if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINE))
                     log(Level.FINE, 
 		    "Exception thrown while filtering ServiceItem containing bootstrap proxy, downloading service proxy and trying again, suggest rewriting your filter", ex);
 		// If ClassCastException, then filter has attempted to cast the
 		// bootstrap proxy to the service type, it is likely to be 
 		// an older filter implementation that doesn't know about
 		// ServiceProxyAccessor.
 		// If SecurityException, then proxy preparation failed, which
 		// is probably due to the filter not expecting a bootstrap
 		// proxy and attempting to apply method constraints.
 		// SOLUTION: Download service proxy and retry filter.
 		item.service = 
 			((ServiceProxyAccessor) preparedProxy).getServiceProxy();
 		if (filter.check(item)) return item;
 	    } catch (ClassCastException ex){
 		if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINE))
                     log(Level.FINE, 
 		    "Exception thrown while filtering ServiceItem containing bootstrap proxy, downloading service proxy and trying again, suggest rewriting your filter", ex);
 		// If ClassCastException, then filter has attempted to cast the
 		// bootstrap proxy to the service type, it is likely to be 
 		// an older filter implementation that doesn't know about
 		// ServiceProxyAccessor.
 		// If SecurityException, then proxy preparation failed, which
 		// is probably due to the filter not expecting a bootstrap
 		// proxy and attempting to apply method constraints.
 		// SOLUTION: Download service proxy and retry filter.
 		item.service = 
 			((ServiceProxyAccessor) preparedProxy).getServiceProxy();
 		if (filter.check(item)) return item;
 	    }
 	    return null;
 	} catch (IOException ex) {
             if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINE))
                 log(Level.FINE, "IOException thrown while checking bootstrapProxy, filtering and downloading service proxy", ex);
 	    return null;
 	}
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a LookupCache with specific lease duration.
      */
     private LookupCacheImpl createLookupCache(ServiceTemplate tmpl,
             ServiceItemFilter filter,
             ServiceDiscoveryListener listener,
             long leaseDuration)
             throws RemoteException {
         /* Atomic start of terminator */
         synchronized (terminatorThread) {
             if (!started) {
                 terminatorThread.start();
             }
             started = true;
         }
         if (tmpl == null) {
             tmpl = new ServiceTemplate(null, null, null);
         }
         LookupCacheImpl cache = new LookupCacheImpl(tmpl, filter, listener, leaseDuration, this, useInsecureLookup());
         cache.initCache();
         cachesWrite.lock();
         try {
             caches.add(cache);
         } finally {
             cachesWrite.unlock();
         }
         if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINEST))
             log(Level.FINE, "ServiceDiscoveryManager - LookupCache created");
         return cache;
     }//end createLookupCache
     
     /**
      * LookupCache removes itself once it has been terminated.
      * @param cache
      * @return true if removed.
      */
     boolean removeLookupCache(LookupCache cache){
         cachesWrite.lock();
         try {
             return caches.remove(cache);
         } finally {
             cachesWrite.unlock();
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Removes and returns element from proxyRegSet that corresponds to the
      * given proxy.
      */
     ProxyReg removeReg(ServiceRegistrar proxy) {
         ProxyReg pReg = new ProxyReg(proxy);
         proxyRegSetWrite.lock();
         try{
             if(proxyRegSet.remove(pReg)) return pReg;
             return null;
         } finally {
             proxyRegSetWrite.unlock();
         }
     }//end removeReg
 
     /**
      * Convenience method invoked when failure occurs in the cache tasks
      * executed in this utility. If the appropriate logging level is enabled,
      * this method will log the stack trace of the given <code>Throwable</code>;
      * noting the given source class and method, and displaying the given
      * message. Additionally, this method will discard the given lookup service
      * proxy. Note that if the utility itself has already been terminated, or if
      * the cache in which the failure occurred has been terminated, then the
      * failure is logged at the HANDLED level, and the lookup service proxy is
      * not discarded.
      *
      * Also, note that if the discovery manager employed by this utility has
      * already been terminated, then the attempt to discard the given lookup
      * service proxy will result in an <code>IllegalStateException</code>. Since
      * this method is called from within the tasks run by this utility, and
      * since propagating an <code>IllegalStateException</code> out into the
      * ThreadGroup of those tasks is undesirable, this method does not propagate
      * <code>IllegalStateException</code>s that occur as a result of an attempt
      * to discard a lookup service proxy from the discovery manager.
      *
      * For more information, refer to Bug 4490358 and 4858211.
      */
     void fail(Throwable e,
             ServiceRegistrar proxy,
             String sourceClass,
             String sourceMethod,
             String msg,
             boolean cacheTerminated) {
         Level logLevel = Level.INFO;
         boolean discardProxy = true;
         synchronized (this) {
             if (bTerminated || cacheTerminated) {
                 logLevel = Levels.HANDLED;
                 discardProxy = false;
             }//endif
         }//end sync(this)
         if ((e != null) && (logger.isLoggable(logLevel))) {
             logp(logLevel, sourceClass, sourceMethod, msg, e);
         }//endif
         try {
             if (discardProxy) {
                 discard(proxy);
             }
         } catch (IllegalStateException e1) {
             if (logger.isLoggable(logLevel)) {
                 logp(
                     logLevel,
                     sourceClass,
                     sourceMethod,
                     "failure discarding lookup service proxy, "
                     + "discovery manager already terminated",
                     e1
                 );
             }//endif
         }
     }//end fail
 
     /**
      * Discards a ServiceRegistrar through the discovery manager.
      */
     private void discard(ServiceRegistrar proxy) {
         discMgr.discard(proxy);
     }//end discard
 
     /**
      * Cancels the given event lease.
      */
     void cancelLease(Lease lease) {
         try {
             leaseRenewalMgr.cancel(lease);
         } catch (Exception e) {
             if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINER))
                 log(Level.FINER,
                     "exception occurred while cancelling an event "
                     + "registration lease",
                     e);
         }
     }//end cancelLease
 
     /**
      * Registers for events from the lookup service associated with the given
      * proxy, and returns both the lease and the event sequence number from the
      * event registration wrapped in the locally-defined class,
      * <code>EventReg</code>.
      *
      * This method is called from the <code>RegisterListenerTask</code>. If a
      * <code>RemoteException</code> occurs during the event registration
      * attempt, this method discards the lookup service and returns
      * <code>null</code>.
      */
     EventReg registerListener(ServiceRegistrar proxy,
             ServiceTemplate tmpl,
             RemoteEventListener listenerProxy,
             long duration) throws RemoteException {
         /* Register with the event mechanism of the given lookup service */
         EventRegistration e;
         int transition = (ServiceRegistrar.TRANSITION_NOMATCH_MATCH
                 | ServiceRegistrar.TRANSITION_MATCH_NOMATCH
                 | ServiceRegistrar.TRANSITION_MATCH_MATCH);
 	if (useInsecureLookup()){
 	    e = proxy.notify(tmpl, transition, listenerProxy, null, duration);
 	} else {
 	    e = ((SafeServiceRegistrar)proxy).notiFy(tmpl, transition, listenerProxy, null, duration);
 	}
         /* Proxy preparation -
          *
          * Prepare the proxy to the lease on the event registration just
          * returned. Because lease management (renewal and cancellation)
          * involves remote calls, lease proxies should be prepared before
          * management of the associated leases begins. This allows one to
          * verify trust in the lease, and ensures that the appropriate
          * constraints are attached to the lease.
          */
         Lease eventLease = e.getLease();
         eventLease = (Lease) eventLeasePreparer.prepareProxy(eventLease);
         if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINEST))
             log(Level.FINEST, 
                 "ServiceDiscoveryManager - proxy to event registration lease prepared: {0}", 
                 new Object []{eventLease}
             );
         /* Management the lease on the event registration */
         leaseRenewalMgr.renewFor(eventLease,
                 duration,
                 new LeaseListenerImpl(proxy));
         /* Wrap source, id, event sequence & lease in EventReg, and return. */
         return (new EventReg(e.getSource(),
                 e.getID(),
                 e.getSequenceNumber(),
                 eventLease));
     }//end registerListener
 
     /**
      * Throws an IllegalStateException if the current instance of the
      * ServiceDiscoveryManager has been terminated.
      */
     synchronized void checkTerminated() {
         if (bTerminated) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("service discovery manager was terminated");
         }//endif
     }//end checkTerminated
 
     /**
      * Determines if the given ServiceItem is an element of the given array.
      */
     static private boolean isArrayContainsServiceItem(List<ServiceItem> a,
             ServiceItem s) {
         Iterator<ServiceItem> iter = a.iterator();
         while (iter.hasNext()) {
             Object o = iter.next();
             if (!(o instanceof ServiceItem)) {
                 continue;
             }
             ServiceItem sa = (ServiceItem) o;
             if (sa.serviceID.equals(s.serviceID)
                     && LookupAttributes.equal(sa.attributeSets, s.attributeSets)
                     && (sa.service.equals(s.service))) {
                 return true;
             }
         }//end loop
         return false;
     }//end isArrayContainsServiceItems
 
     /**
      * Initializer for ServiceDiscoveryManager
      */
     private static class Initializer {
 
         Configuration thisConfig;
         ProxyPreparer registrarPreparer;
         ProxyPreparer eventLeasePreparer;
 	ProxyPreparer bootstrapProxyPreparer;
         LeaseRenewalManager leaseRenewalMgr;
         long discardWait;
         DiscoveryManagement discMgr;
         boolean discMgrInternal;
 	boolean useInsecureLookup;
     }
 
     private static Initializer initial(
             DiscoveryManagement discoveryMgr,
             LeaseRenewalManager leaseMgr,
             Configuration config)
             throws IOException {
         try {
             return init(discoveryMgr, leaseMgr, config);
         } catch (ConfigurationException e) {
             /* This should never happen */
             throw new IOException(e);
         }
     }
 
     /* Convenience method that encapsulates the retrieval of the configurable
      * items from the given <code>Configuration</code> object.
      */
     private static Initializer init(DiscoveryManagement discoveryMgr,
             LeaseRenewalManager leaseMgr,
             Configuration config)
             throws IOException, ConfigurationException {
         /* Retrieve configuration items if applicable */
         if (config == null) {
             throw new NullPointerException("config is null");
         }
         Initializer init = new Initializer();
         init.thisConfig = config;
         /* Proxy preparers */
         init.registrarPreparer = init.thisConfig.getEntry(COMPONENT_NAME,
                 "registrarPreparer",
                 ProxyPreparer.class,
                 new BasicProxyPreparer());
         init.eventLeasePreparer = init.thisConfig.getEntry(COMPONENT_NAME,
                 "eventLeasePreparer",
                 ProxyPreparer.class,
                 new BasicProxyPreparer());
 	init.bootstrapProxyPreparer = init.thisConfig.getEntry(COMPONENT_NAME,
                 "bootstrapPreparer",
                 ProxyPreparer.class,
                 new BasicProxyPreparer());
         /* Lease renewal manager */
         init.leaseRenewalMgr = leaseMgr;
         if (init.leaseRenewalMgr == null) {
             try {
                 init.leaseRenewalMgr
                         = init.thisConfig.getEntry(COMPONENT_NAME,
                                 "leaseManager",
                                 LeaseRenewalManager.class);
             } catch (NoSuchEntryException e) { /* use default */
 
                 init.leaseRenewalMgr = new LeaseRenewalManager(init.thisConfig);
             }
         }//endif
         /* Wait value for the "service discard problem". */
         init.discardWait = (init.thisConfig.getEntry(COMPONENT_NAME,
                 "discardWait",
                 long.class,
                 600000L));
         /* Discovery manager */
         init.discMgr = discoveryMgr;
         if (init.discMgr == null) {
             init.discMgrInternal = true;
             try {
                 init.discMgr = init.thisConfig.getEntry(COMPONENT_NAME,
                         "discoveryManager",
                         DiscoveryManagement.class);
             } catch (NoSuchEntryException e) { /* use default */
 
                 init.discMgr = new LookupDiscoveryManager(new String[]{""}, null, null, init.thisConfig);
             }
         }//endif
 	init.useInsecureLookup = (init.thisConfig.getEntry(COMPONENT_NAME,
 		"useInsecureLookup",
 		Boolean.class,
 		Boolean.FALSE));
         return init;
     }//end init
 
     /**
      * Applies the given <code>filter</code> to the given <code>item</code>, and
      * returns <code>true</code> if the <code>filter</code> returns a
      * <code>pass</code> value; otherwise, returns <code>false</code>.
      * <p>
      * Note that as described in the specification of
      * <code>ServiceItemFilter</code>, when the <code>item</code> passes the
      * <code>filter</code>, the <code>service</code> field of the
      * <code>item</code> is replaced with the filtered form of the object
      * previously contained in that field. Additionally, if the
      * <code>filter</code> returns <code>indefinite</code>, then as specified,
      * the <code>service</code> field is replaced with <code>null</code> (in
      * which case, this method returns <code>false</code>).
      * <p>
      * This method is used by the non-blocking version(s) of the
      * <code>lookup</code> method of the <code>ServiceDiscoveryManager</code>,
      * as well as when second-stage filtering is performed in the
      * <code>LookupCache</code>.
      */
     static boolean filterPassed(ServiceItem item, ServiceItemFilter filter) {
         if ((item == null) || (item.service == null)) {
             return false;
         }
         if (filter == null) {
             return true;
         }
         return filter.check(item);
     }//end filterPassFail
 
 }//end class ServiceDiscoveryManager